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hey everybody this is dan hewitt here in

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mission control houston i'm joined by dr

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tara rutley

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and uh this this is mission control

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you're joining us here now

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this is where we fly the international

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space station this is where all the

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flight controllers are monitoring

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everything that's going on on board as

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our astronauts are hard at work on

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maintenance and experiments and all

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kinds of things while they're flying 17

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500 miles an hour so welcome inside of

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mission control it's really great to

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have everybody here

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tara and i are really excited to take

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some of your questions so why don't we

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thank you

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did you want to take our questions now

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yeah we would love to take any questions

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you guys have right now

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okay so you did not want to brief us on

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anything right now we have time we have

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lots of questions so

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that's what you're telling us to do yep

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you got lots of questions we want to get

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them all

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hello my name is sebastian

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thank you for taking my question what

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types of science experiments are the

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astronauts working on in space

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ah very good question that's the best

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question because that's what i really

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love to talk about the most um

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right now they're on space station right

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and they do all kinds of science

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experiments if you can think about if

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you've ever participated in a science

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fair and you've done your science

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project

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imagine what might happen if you take

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gravity out of everything that you've

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done so imagine creating any kind of

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experiment that you could do here on

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earth but what would happen when you

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take gravity away and so more fun

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problems would be a lot more fun

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would be much more fun than what i did

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as a as a student in my science fair

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days but um so what they do and and the

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number one coolest thing i think that

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they work on is the human research they

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they test their own bodies

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for changes that occur in microgravity

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or as a result of staying in space

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where things are just different there's

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no gravity if you think about how our

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body is designed we have bones and

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muscles for a reason that's to keep us

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upright against that gravity vector on

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earth but when you get out into space

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you don't have that gravity vector

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anymore so what they're finding is that

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our bones start to shrink i mean i'm

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sorry our bones start to get weaker our

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muscles start to shrink

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and so that's just that's just one

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example of some of the changes that

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happen in the body but our heart changes

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size because it's pumping fluids

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differently

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so any system in the human body you can

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think of they're doing experiments to

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figure out what's going on with the

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changes in space not just human

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physiology though they're also doing

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some basic physics work looking at how

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fluid behaves differently without

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without the gravity vector you know the

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way that fluid behaves here on earth

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again that gravity vector drives a lot

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of how we drink out of a cup how we

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water our plants and how the plants will

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take up that water

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so it's different in space where we need

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water systems we need to understand how

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water behaves in space water tends to

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climb the walls of the of the containers

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that they're in and that's called

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capillary action and that happens on

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earth but in space it's much more

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pronounced because you don't have

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gravity pulling the liquid back down so

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we're trying to figure out um what

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happens to the fluids and and it's

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important for when you're creating

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things like propellant

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and water recycling systems

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and anything that has to do with any

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kind of fluid in space and we learned

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much about how

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what happens in space we can apply it to

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earth and better ways to water our

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plants and things like that

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they also there's investigations that

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are looking and taking images of the

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earth and of the space sky to look at

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changes in cosmic rays

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there

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are looking at how

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bacteria and viruses behave because they

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behave very differently which has an

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impact on our crew but it also tells us

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something about how they how the the

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bugs treat us here on earth as well so i

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think just about every kind of uh

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every kind of discipline you can think

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of if you have an interest in any kind

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of science or engineering you could

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probably come up with any kind of

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thoughtful experiment that they are

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probably covering on space station right

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now

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okay definitely tara's favorite question

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all right let's move on to the next one

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thank you so much could i get both of

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your names we have some media in here

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with us and we'd like to share your

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names with our media so could i get both

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of your names yeah sure i'm dan hewitt

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h-u-o-t

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oh and your name tara uh-huh there it is

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yeah on the screen are you ttt ellie

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okay

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hi my name is amariah mitchell thank you

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for taking my question

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are there plans to take other

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vertebrates with the astronauts and

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colonizing another planet

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i didn't quite catch that question did

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you are they going to take what with

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a little bit

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gotta be loud you did it great you just

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are there plans to take other

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vertebrates

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when the astronauts

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with the astronauts when colonizing

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another planet

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oh are there plans to take other

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vertebrates when the astronauts go to

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colonize other planets uh you know what

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that's a really good question i think

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the only way to find out if that's

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really necessary or what we might learn

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from doing that is to try it out on the

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space station first we don't know a

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whole lot about

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how vertebrates

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function in space and so before we would

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take them or figure out how we would use

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them on a planet we'd want to figure out

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how they even behave and react in space

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first but that's a really good and

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thought thought provoking question and

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we have had a couple of different types

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of animals already onboard the station

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we just had a couple of spiders return

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fairly recently from a trip on board the

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station and they were able to adapt to

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microgravity and spin webs and actually

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adapted really quite well once they were

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up there and actually we also have

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another experiment going on right now

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where we have a bunch of tiny fish in a

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very specialized aquatic habitat they're

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called madoka fish and they're up there

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to try and see any type of bone loss

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that they go through because you know

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fish aren't is constrained by gravity

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quite as much as you or i you and i are

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down here on earth so we have experience

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experimented with a couple of different

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types of

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specimens from the animal kingdom but

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as far as anything like taking

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you know a dog with us to mars or

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something that might that might be

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something we do in the very distant

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future but right now we're really not

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sure all right all right great question

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though really cool

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thank you

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um i we were doing research the other

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day and um in one of the first space

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flights um you took a dog but i guess

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the dog did not survive and so that

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stimulated their curiosity about other

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vertebrates that's right they went

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before

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we did i think one of the first the

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first animal in space was a russian dog

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known as leica

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and i mean that was back when we were

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launching things and it was very very

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rudimentary and we weren't even sure

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if any bean could survive in space so

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that was one of the first experiments

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that they did and they sent up a dog yep

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i had madeline hello my name is madeline

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bernard thank you for taking my question

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what type of what types of experiments

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do astronauts like to do the most

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i think the answer to that is whichever

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ones they get to put their hands on

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which experiments do the astronauts like

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to do the most i think it

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most from when i talk to them it's just

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whichever ones they can participate in

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because um you know

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everybody has a drive for for for

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figuring things out that may not even be

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in their own area of interest so we may

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have a scientist who's up there who has

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a background in human physiology or the

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human body but

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how cool is it to be able to do flame

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experiments when flames behave

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differently in in the microgravity

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environment so it's my understanding i

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think anyone that they can they can do

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themselves

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because some of the experiments are um

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automated and not all have to be done by

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the astronauts but so they just like

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getting up there and doing doing any

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number of them

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very good question oh we just

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thank you we just uh completed our

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biology unit so we were studying genetic

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modification i have a student with a

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hello my name is christian smith thank

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you for taking my question uh are you

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doing any research on genetically

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modified organisms in outer space

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yeah i think the coolest one that i can

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think of offhand is uh how bacteria

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behave differently in space that's a

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really good question

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and and there are so many experiments on

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that but the one i like the most is

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bacteria and there's one that they have

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found

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that behaves much differently and it's

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one that you and i can relate to that

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makes you sick to your stomach if you've

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ever eaten some food that

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has made you sick the bacteria in that

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is called salmonella one of those could

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potentially be called salmonella and we

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found out that salmonella become more

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aggressive in space they just become

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nastier and and scientists wanted to

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find out why and so they they took the

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some samples back that had flown on

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space and and they looked at them here

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on the ground in their laboratories and

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they did find genetic modifications

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one particular gene that became much

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more what's called upregulated or much

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more active in affecting the behavior of

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those salmonella bacteria why that is

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it's still hard to say

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some of the scientists think that

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because salmonella like to live inside

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your intestines and your intestines are

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a low fluid shear environment or an

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environment that doesn't cause a lot of

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turbulence

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it's just like what they grew in

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microgravity where fluid doesn't that's

281
00:10:26,790 --> 00:10:25,120
not turbulent it's also something called

282
00:10:29,030 --> 00:10:26,800
low shear so they think that the

283
00:10:30,870 --> 00:10:29,040
microgravity environment is similar to

284
00:10:34,470 --> 00:10:30,880
what is inside of your intestine and

285
00:10:35,269 --> 00:10:34,480
that's what makes these bacteria

286
00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:35,279
just

287
00:10:40,949 --> 00:10:37,360
upregulate that that one gene that makes

288
00:10:47,910 --> 00:10:44,829
okay that is fascinating thank you uh

289
00:10:50,150 --> 00:10:47,920
isha has a question um

290
00:10:52,949 --> 00:10:50,160
lately our research has been focused on

291
00:10:55,110 --> 00:10:52,959
the planet so we were wondering if isha

292
00:10:57,110 --> 00:10:55,120
came up with this question

293
00:10:59,509 --> 00:10:57,120
um hi my name is isha thank you for

294
00:11:01,350 --> 00:10:59,519
taking my question what are we learning

295
00:11:03,910 --> 00:11:01,360
on the space station that will help us

296
00:11:05,509 --> 00:11:03,920
understand the solar solar system

297
00:11:08,710 --> 00:11:05,519
awesome question

298
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:08,720
we have a couple of external um what we

299
00:11:12,150 --> 00:11:10,480
call payloads a couple of external

300
00:11:14,550 --> 00:11:12,160
pieces of hardware that are outside on

301
00:11:17,910 --> 00:11:14,560
the space station truss and they're

302
00:11:19,110 --> 00:11:17,920
scanning the skies for changes in cosmic

303
00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:19,120
patterns

304
00:11:24,470 --> 00:11:21,760
things like changes in x-ray sources

305
00:11:26,150 --> 00:11:24,480
that could potentially identify

306
00:11:29,190 --> 00:11:26,160
some events that we've not seen before

307
00:11:32,870 --> 00:11:29,200
for example there's one payload called

308
00:11:34,949 --> 00:11:32,880
maxi and it has it registered a

309
00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:34,959
signature change in the sky that said

310
00:11:40,150 --> 00:11:37,600
that showed for the first time ever

311
00:11:42,230 --> 00:11:40,160
that it was an indicator that a star had

312
00:11:44,230 --> 00:11:42,240
gotten too close to a black hole and the

313
00:11:46,870 --> 00:11:44,240
black hole started shredding the star

314
00:11:48,389 --> 00:11:46,880
and so the events the x-ray events that

315
00:11:50,870 --> 00:11:48,399
came from that

316
00:11:53,350 --> 00:11:50,880
were picked up and measured by this maxi

317
00:11:55,750 --> 00:11:53,360
payload and it was the first time ever

318
00:11:57,110 --> 00:11:55,760
that astrophysicists were able to see

319
00:11:58,790 --> 00:11:57,120
something like that actually happening

320
00:12:00,310 --> 00:11:58,800
because it always been thought about and

321
00:12:03,110 --> 00:12:00,320
they always thought it happened but we'd

322
00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:03,120
never seen it before so understanding

323
00:12:06,230 --> 00:12:04,720
what happens in our solar system

324
00:12:07,590 --> 00:12:06,240
especially when you're talking about a

325
00:12:10,470 --> 00:12:07,600
star that might orbit too close to a

326
00:12:12,150 --> 00:12:10,480
black hole says a lot about how we might

327
00:12:13,590 --> 00:12:12,160
venture out further

328
00:12:20,470 --> 00:12:13,600
there's also

329
00:12:22,550 --> 00:12:20,480
that is doing an investigation

330
00:12:23,750 --> 00:12:22,560
called geo flow and they take the

331
00:12:26,150 --> 00:12:23,760
components of what they thought the

332
00:12:28,150 --> 00:12:26,160
earth might have uh been made of in the

333
00:12:30,470 --> 00:12:28,160
very beginning and they put it inside of

334
00:12:33,430 --> 00:12:30,480
this chamber uh that's a fluid uh a

335
00:12:34,949 --> 00:12:33,440
fluid chamber and uh basically recreate

336
00:12:36,629 --> 00:12:34,959
the events of how we thought the earth

337
00:12:38,470 --> 00:12:36,639
might have been formed and the way the

338
00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:38,480
reason it's done on the space station is

339
00:12:42,550 --> 00:12:41,040
because it's microgravity it's it's

340
00:12:44,069 --> 00:12:42,560
missing that earth's gravity and that's

341
00:12:46,069 --> 00:12:44,079
a critical part of how the earth would

342
00:12:48,710 --> 00:12:46,079
have been formed and so this is called

343
00:12:50,790 --> 00:12:48,720
geoflow and it's uh being done by our

344
00:12:52,470 --> 00:12:50,800
european partners and so when the

345
00:12:53,910 --> 00:12:52,480
information comes back from that that'll

346
00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:53,920
advance our knowledge of how our own

347
00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:55,680
planet was formed and give us even

348
00:13:01,430 --> 00:12:58,079
further insights as to how other planets

349
00:13:06,629 --> 00:13:04,550
you mentioned uh radiation and one of

350
00:13:16,150 --> 00:13:06,639
our questions uh students have a

351
00:13:20,550 --> 00:13:18,629
hello my name is thomas thank you for

352
00:13:23,430 --> 00:13:20,560
taking my question

353
00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:23,440
are the astronauts exposed to any types

354
00:13:28,150 --> 00:13:26,160
of harmful radiation

355
00:13:31,430 --> 00:13:28,160
fall in outer space

356
00:13:33,110 --> 00:13:31,440
another good question so the uh vehicle

357
00:13:34,629 --> 00:13:33,120
itself the space yes there's lots of

358
00:13:36,949 --> 00:13:34,639
radiation out in space when you leave

359
00:13:39,509 --> 00:13:36,959
the earth's atmosphere quite certainly

360
00:13:41,750 --> 00:13:39,519
uh and so any vehicle or spacesuit that

361
00:13:44,150 --> 00:13:41,760
you create has to take that into account

362
00:13:45,110 --> 00:13:44,160
for crew health and so the space station

363
00:13:47,269 --> 00:13:45,120
itself

364
00:13:50,069 --> 00:13:47,279
is consis consists of material that

365
00:13:51,990 --> 00:13:50,079
works to shield the crew against the

366
00:13:54,230 --> 00:13:52,000
harmful radiation effects

367
00:13:56,629 --> 00:13:54,240
and and then also in addition to the

368
00:13:58,470 --> 00:13:56,639
materials that are used we have a number

369
00:14:00,389 --> 00:13:58,480
of radiation detectors and a lot of

370
00:14:01,670 --> 00:14:00,399
different types of radiation detectors

371
00:14:04,069 --> 00:14:01,680
that are positioned all around the

372
00:14:06,470 --> 00:14:04,079
inside of the space station that can

373
00:14:07,750 --> 00:14:06,480
constantly tell us sends the signal down

374
00:14:09,750 --> 00:14:07,760
to the earth so the scientists are

375
00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:09,760
constantly evaluating the radiation

376
00:14:13,910 --> 00:14:11,440
amounts that the crew are being exposed

377
00:14:17,110 --> 00:14:13,920
to and so it's definitely

378
00:14:18,069 --> 00:14:17,120
a big health issue and it's very real

379
00:14:20,949 --> 00:14:18,079
and

380
00:14:22,870 --> 00:14:20,959
measures in place to try to protect the

381
00:14:25,110 --> 00:14:22,880
crew from that kind of exposure

382
00:14:26,870 --> 00:14:25,120
but the space station being where it is

383
00:14:29,269 --> 00:14:26,880
it's only a few hundred miles off the

384
00:14:30,949 --> 00:14:29,279
surface so it's still kind of protected

385
00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:30,959
the thing that really protects us from

386
00:14:36,230 --> 00:14:33,680
radiation from the sun and intergalactic

387
00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:36,240
things is our magnetosphere so the

388
00:14:39,509 --> 00:14:37,680
station's still close enough that it's

389
00:14:41,269 --> 00:14:39,519
really protected by that but it's as

390
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:41,279
soon as we decide to start going really

391
00:14:44,870 --> 00:14:43,360
far out like when we want to go to mars

392
00:14:47,670 --> 00:14:44,880
that are astronauts will be a lot more

393
00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:47,680
susceptible so we're developing new

394
00:14:51,189 --> 00:14:49,120
methods onboard the station for

395
00:14:53,110 --> 00:14:51,199
detecting and protecting

396
00:14:54,949 --> 00:14:53,120
and those will be really important as we

397
00:14:56,710 --> 00:14:54,959
start to move you know millions and

398
00:14:58,870 --> 00:14:56,720
millions of miles away from the earth

399
00:15:01,590 --> 00:14:58,880
yep

400
00:15:03,509 --> 00:15:01,600
thank you so much um just uh you're

401
00:15:05,430 --> 00:15:03,519
speaking about radiation do they wear

402
00:15:09,670 --> 00:15:05,440
sunscreen do they have to worry about

403
00:15:12,629 --> 00:15:11,269
i think that they actually have to i

404
00:15:14,230 --> 00:15:12,639
don't think they get that but they

405
00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:14,240
actually have to take vitamin d increase

406
00:15:17,910 --> 00:15:15,920
vitamin d doses

407
00:15:19,829 --> 00:15:17,920
but i think their spacesuits and all

408
00:15:20,949 --> 00:15:19,839
that protect them enough

409
00:15:21,829 --> 00:15:20,959
yep

410
00:15:22,550 --> 00:15:21,839
okay

411
00:15:25,189 --> 00:15:22,560
hey

412
00:15:27,430 --> 00:15:25,199
anna anna we have another student with a

413
00:15:30,470 --> 00:15:27,440
question about the experiences of

414
00:15:33,749 --> 00:15:30,480
gravity and or the lack of gravity in

415
00:15:37,030 --> 00:15:35,590
hi my name is anna thank you for taking

416
00:15:38,710 --> 00:15:37,040
my question

417
00:15:40,949 --> 00:15:38,720
since the astronauts are experienced

418
00:15:43,829 --> 00:15:40,959
less gravity how does this affect their

419
00:15:45,350 --> 00:15:43,839
skeleton or bone mass oh yeah a really

420
00:15:47,749 --> 00:15:45,360
good question and that's that's the

421
00:15:49,590 --> 00:15:47,759
number one um thing that we need to work

422
00:15:52,710 --> 00:15:49,600
on if we're going to go beyond low earth

423
00:15:55,670 --> 00:15:52,720
orbit and stay for longer out in periods

424
00:15:57,509 --> 00:15:55,680
in space because you're not constantly

425
00:15:59,670 --> 00:15:57,519
working against the gravity environment

426
00:16:02,069 --> 00:15:59,680
think about all day you stand you sit

427
00:16:04,790 --> 00:16:02,079
you walk you climb upstairs you use your

428
00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:04,800
muscles to get you around and then in

429
00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:06,880
the microgravity environment really

430
00:16:09,990 --> 00:16:08,240
they're just kind of floating around and

431
00:16:11,910 --> 00:16:10,000
they can use their muscles to push off

432
00:16:15,189 --> 00:16:11,920
and get them where they need to go um

433
00:16:17,110 --> 00:16:15,199
and so definitely um there starts to be

434
00:16:18,550 --> 00:16:17,120
it's use it or lose it so you're you

435
00:16:20,470 --> 00:16:18,560
know if you've ever exercised and then

436
00:16:22,470 --> 00:16:20,480
you stopped you you probably can tell

437
00:16:24,069 --> 00:16:22,480
your muscles will start to to get

438
00:16:25,749 --> 00:16:24,079
smaller and it's the same with them

439
00:16:26,949 --> 00:16:25,759
they'll lose some muscle mass and

440
00:16:29,670 --> 00:16:26,959
they'll lose some

441
00:16:31,910 --> 00:16:29,680
bone mass but what they do

442
00:16:34,069 --> 00:16:31,920
on orbit what they're finding is as they

443
00:16:36,230 --> 00:16:34,079
keep up with their exercise well they

444
00:16:38,150 --> 00:16:36,240
have very high resistive exercise that

445
00:16:40,310 --> 00:16:38,160
they do it's similar to weight lifting

446
00:16:41,749 --> 00:16:40,320
they have cardiovascular exercise on the

447
00:16:43,590 --> 00:16:41,759
treadmill that they do and they also

448
00:16:45,829 --> 00:16:43,600
have a cycle ergometer up there which is

449
00:16:48,230 --> 00:16:45,839
a stationary bike and with the

450
00:16:50,230 --> 00:16:48,240
combination of those three and also

451
00:16:51,990 --> 00:16:50,240
eating the right kind of diets and fish

452
00:16:53,910 --> 00:16:52,000
is a big one because it's got omega-3

453
00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:53,920
fatty acid which helps

454
00:16:57,350 --> 00:16:55,680
preserve bone

455
00:16:59,189 --> 00:16:57,360
and if they eat all their calories which

456
00:17:01,670 --> 00:16:59,199
is important for energy and they take

457
00:17:02,629 --> 00:17:01,680
their vitamin d doses because they lack

458
00:17:06,309 --> 00:17:02,639
sun

459
00:17:08,390 --> 00:17:06,319
important for bone if they do all those

460
00:17:10,230 --> 00:17:08,400
things then they're shut what we're

461
00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:10,240
seeing is we're able to maintain the

462
00:17:16,390 --> 00:17:13,360
bone mass so we're the the crew seems to

463
00:17:18,230 --> 00:17:16,400
not be losing as much of bone mass and

464
00:17:19,829 --> 00:17:18,240
now one second thing we want to worry

465
00:17:22,230 --> 00:17:19,839
about with the bones is although we may

466
00:17:23,669 --> 00:17:22,240
be tainting bone mass in terms of

467
00:17:25,189 --> 00:17:23,679
minerals

468
00:17:26,870 --> 00:17:25,199
what about the strength we don't know

469
00:17:28,230 --> 00:17:26,880
much about the quality that's being

470
00:17:30,150 --> 00:17:28,240
maintained on the bone so there's

471
00:17:31,590 --> 00:17:30,160
actually a lot more research that needs

472
00:17:33,830 --> 00:17:31,600
to be done on what's going on on the

473
00:17:35,909 --> 00:17:33,840
inside of the bone so it's we're keeping

474
00:17:37,350 --> 00:17:35,919
the bone mass there but what you know

475
00:17:39,510 --> 00:17:37,360
what's the structure like on the inside

476
00:17:41,029 --> 00:17:39,520
of the bone is it fragile is it brittle

477
00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:41,039
because if it is then we could have

478
00:17:44,950 --> 00:17:42,960
issues with fracture and we don't want

479
00:17:46,630 --> 00:17:44,960
to see hip fractures or bone fractures

480
00:17:48,950 --> 00:17:46,640
if we get all the way out to

481
00:17:50,549 --> 00:17:48,960
mars or wherever we're headed um you

482
00:17:52,150 --> 00:17:50,559
know we and we get back on something

483
00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:52,160
that's a terrestrial environment that

484
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:54,320
has some gravity vector we want to make

485
00:17:57,590 --> 00:17:56,640
sure our bones are strong enough that we

486
00:18:00,150 --> 00:17:57,600
don't

487
00:18:01,750 --> 00:18:00,160
encounter breaks and fractures and we

488
00:18:03,909 --> 00:18:01,760
want to make sure our muscles are strong

489
00:18:05,510 --> 00:18:03,919
enough to get us to to be able to move

490
00:18:08,070 --> 00:18:05,520
around and carry the weight of our

491
00:18:10,789 --> 00:18:08,080
spacesuit and and get us from point a to

492
00:18:12,950 --> 00:18:10,799
point b so bone and muscle in addition

493
00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:12,960
to radiation are the bigger biggest

494
00:18:17,430 --> 00:18:14,480
things that we need to overcome as

495
00:18:19,190 --> 00:18:17,440
humans and and learn and understand to

496
00:18:22,870 --> 00:18:19,200
be able to get us out past low earth

497
00:18:27,110 --> 00:18:25,029
wow thank you

498
00:18:29,430 --> 00:18:27,120
speaking of breaking things i have a

499
00:18:31,350 --> 00:18:29,440
question with a student with a question

500
00:18:37,590 --> 00:18:31,360
related to

501
00:18:40,789 --> 00:18:39,350
hi my name is will thank you for taking

502
00:18:42,950 --> 00:18:40,799
my question

503
00:18:45,750 --> 00:18:42,960
what happens if the space station is hit

504
00:18:48,070 --> 00:18:45,760
by space debris ah well the right the

505
00:18:51,430 --> 00:18:48,080
first answer is always prevention right

506
00:18:53,190 --> 00:18:51,440
so so we here uh at nasa are big on

507
00:18:54,789 --> 00:18:53,200
redundancy and prevention so the first

508
00:18:57,669 --> 00:18:54,799
things that we are always doing is

509
00:18:59,990 --> 00:18:57,679
looking out ahead at the at the patterns

510
00:19:02,390 --> 00:19:00,000
of of space debris that are approaching

511
00:19:04,710 --> 00:19:02,400
or near anywhere near the space station

512
00:19:07,669 --> 00:19:04,720
and so um there's a whole group of

513
00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:07,679
people that that that's their only job

514
00:19:11,750 --> 00:19:09,760
and so if we see something that might be

515
00:19:13,750 --> 00:19:11,760
getting a little too close

516
00:19:14,950 --> 00:19:13,760
or something of something we want to

517
00:19:17,350 --> 00:19:14,960
watch

518
00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:17,360
then the teams on the ground here get

519
00:19:20,549 --> 00:19:18,240
together

520
00:19:22,870 --> 00:19:20,559
decide on whether the crew should be

521
00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:22,880
alerted and sometimes i believe we can

522
00:19:26,710 --> 00:19:24,880
do things to move the vehicle even right

523
00:19:28,630 --> 00:19:26,720
if we had to in extreme cases we have

524
00:19:30,310 --> 00:19:28,640
the ability to do things known as debris

525
00:19:32,630 --> 00:19:30,320
avoidance maneuvers where we'll have

526
00:19:34,950 --> 00:19:32,640
thrusters either on a spacecraft

527
00:19:36,870 --> 00:19:34,960
visiting the station that'll then be

528
00:19:38,710 --> 00:19:36,880
fired and they can actually raise the

529
00:19:39,750 --> 00:19:38,720
altitude and kind of get it up out of

530
00:19:41,510 --> 00:19:39,760
the way

531
00:19:43,430 --> 00:19:41,520
and i mean that's done for

532
00:19:45,590 --> 00:19:43,440
any object that we're able to track and

533
00:19:47,430 --> 00:19:45,600
we can track very small objects while

534
00:19:49,750 --> 00:19:47,440
they're in space but the other problem

535
00:19:51,750 --> 00:19:49,760
is there are a lot of very even smaller

536
00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:51,760
objects that we can always track the

537
00:19:56,870 --> 00:19:54,240
station will actually be you know hit by

538
00:19:58,950 --> 00:19:56,880
dust sized particles which may not seem

539
00:20:00,789 --> 00:19:58,960
like much but when you're traveling at

540
00:20:02,710 --> 00:20:00,799
the speeds you're traveling at they can

541
00:20:05,029 --> 00:20:02,720
leave marks they can leave dents they

542
00:20:06,870 --> 00:20:05,039
can actually damage the station if it

543
00:20:08,470 --> 00:20:06,880
were to actually be hit by something

544
00:20:10,470 --> 00:20:08,480
there are a number of procedures in

545
00:20:12,390 --> 00:20:10,480
place so the astronauts would always be

546
00:20:14,149 --> 00:20:12,400
safe they have spacecraft they could

547
00:20:16,710 --> 00:20:14,159
shelter in and come back down to earth

548
00:20:18,789 --> 00:20:16,720
immediately they can seal off different

549
00:20:21,270 --> 00:20:18,799
sections of the station with hatches so

550
00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:21,280
they are there are things in place that

551
00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:22,640
should that ever happen and we don't

552
00:20:28,310 --> 00:20:24,320
catch it and maneuver out of the way in

553
00:20:31,190 --> 00:20:28,320
time the astronauts would still be okay

554
00:20:33,029 --> 00:20:31,200
oh wow great so there's no chance of

555
00:20:35,510 --> 00:20:33,039
being hit by a

556
00:20:37,270 --> 00:20:35,520
orbiting planet

557
00:20:39,350 --> 00:20:37,280
it's too big

558
00:20:41,909 --> 00:20:39,360
we see that one coming

559
00:20:44,230 --> 00:20:41,919
okay okay go ahead we have a question

560
00:20:47,110 --> 00:20:44,240
related to uh planets

561
00:20:49,029 --> 00:20:47,120
hi my name is caitlin and thank you for

562
00:20:51,029 --> 00:20:49,039
taking my question

563
00:20:53,669 --> 00:20:51,039
are the astronauts able to see the

564
00:20:55,990 --> 00:20:53,679
planets from the space station

565
00:20:58,630 --> 00:20:56,000
oh that is a good question

566
00:21:00,950 --> 00:20:58,640
you know i i don't think so

567
00:21:02,549 --> 00:21:00,960
they are every once in a while um we

568
00:21:04,149 --> 00:21:02,559
actually i don't know if you guys

569
00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:04,159
followed when we did the big transit of

570
00:21:06,549 --> 00:21:05,120
venus

571
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:06,559
a couple of months back but one of our

572
00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:08,720
astronauts was actually able to you know

573
00:21:12,630 --> 00:21:10,640
take photographs and that was his venus

574
00:21:14,630 --> 00:21:12,640
was crossing right in front of the sun

575
00:21:16,870 --> 00:21:14,640
and we were able to see venus very well

576
00:21:19,110 --> 00:21:16,880
through telescopes all over the planet

577
00:21:21,190 --> 00:21:19,120
but our astronauts are able to see and

578
00:21:23,110 --> 00:21:21,200
they can see them generally like you and

579
00:21:24,870 --> 00:21:23,120
i can see them because again

580
00:21:26,710 --> 00:21:24,880
they are in space but they're only a few

581
00:21:28,950 --> 00:21:26,720
hundred miles away and when you talk

582
00:21:31,190 --> 00:21:28,960
about planets they're tens and hundreds

583
00:21:33,029 --> 00:21:31,200
and millions of miles away so anything

584
00:21:35,110 --> 00:21:33,039
that they could see is really what you

585
00:21:37,029 --> 00:21:35,120
can see down here maybe just a little

586
00:21:39,350 --> 00:21:37,039
bit clearer

587
00:21:44,310 --> 00:21:39,360
that's a good question okay interesting

588
00:21:47,909 --> 00:21:46,470
hi my name is sequoia and thank you for

589
00:21:49,750 --> 00:21:47,919
taking my question

590
00:21:51,590 --> 00:21:49,760
what are some of the new planets

591
00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:51,600
recently discovered

592
00:21:54,230 --> 00:21:53,440
oh yeah that's a good question now i

593
00:21:55,909 --> 00:21:54,240
read

594
00:21:59,029 --> 00:21:55,919
something that came out just yesterday

595
00:22:01,029 --> 00:21:59,039
from nasa's kepler telescope mission and

596
00:22:02,549 --> 00:22:01,039
um so if you're interested in in how

597
00:22:04,230 --> 00:22:02,559
we're discovering new planets i would

598
00:22:07,110 --> 00:22:04,240
check out the kepler

599
00:22:09,830 --> 00:22:07,120
mission site uh it seems like um

600
00:22:11,590 --> 00:22:09,840
kepler's been running since i think 2009

601
00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:11,600
and so its sole job is to look for

602
00:22:15,110 --> 00:22:13,600
potential new planets or candidate

603
00:22:18,230 --> 00:22:15,120
planets and

604
00:22:20,789 --> 00:22:18,240
and i believe um yesterday came out uh

605
00:22:24,070 --> 00:22:20,799
saying that there had been about 461

606
00:22:26,470 --> 00:22:24,080
potential new planet planet candidates

607
00:22:29,110 --> 00:22:26,480
discovered and i think of of all of

608
00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:29,120
those lately um four of those are in

609
00:22:31,669 --> 00:22:30,960
what are called the habitable zone or

610
00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:31,679
they're

611
00:22:35,750 --> 00:22:33,840
all near the roughly this a little bit

612
00:22:37,590 --> 00:22:35,760
bigger than earth but also um have the

613
00:22:40,710 --> 00:22:37,600
potential to have water on the on the

614
00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:40,720
surface so um so that was really neat

615
00:22:43,990 --> 00:22:42,720
when i read that and um and so you

616
00:22:46,710 --> 00:22:44,000
should definitely check out the kepler

617
00:22:49,430 --> 00:22:46,720
telescope mission site

618
00:22:51,830 --> 00:22:49,440
and we have time for questions

619
00:22:53,190 --> 00:22:51,840
okay go ahead we have one related to

620
00:22:56,070 --> 00:22:53,200
that um

621
00:22:58,230 --> 00:22:56,080
about new planet discovery

622
00:22:59,510 --> 00:22:58,240
hi my name is ghana thank you for taking

623
00:23:01,270 --> 00:22:59,520
my question

624
00:23:04,149 --> 00:23:01,280
which planet looks to be the most

625
00:23:05,909 --> 00:23:04,159
promising for human habitation

626
00:23:08,549 --> 00:23:05,919
as of right now i'd have to say mars

627
00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:08,559
would you i would agree i mean

628
00:23:12,870 --> 00:23:10,000
when you're talking about the planets in

629
00:23:14,870 --> 00:23:12,880
our solar system the closest ones

630
00:23:16,470 --> 00:23:14,880
if you're going to inhabit a planet with

631
00:23:18,710 --> 00:23:16,480
humans it's got to be a solid planet

632
00:23:21,270 --> 00:23:18,720
like ours the only ones that fit that

633
00:23:22,630 --> 00:23:21,280
are the ones in our immediate area the

634
00:23:24,630 --> 00:23:22,640
issues with the other ones you know

635
00:23:27,190 --> 00:23:24,640
mercury you're much too close to the sun

636
00:23:29,110 --> 00:23:27,200
it's very far away it's a lot smaller it

637
00:23:30,470 --> 00:23:29,120
doesn't really offer everything and

638
00:23:31,430 --> 00:23:30,480
atmosphere things like that that we

639
00:23:33,830 --> 00:23:31,440
would need

640
00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:33,840
venus is the exact opposite it has such

641
00:23:37,830 --> 00:23:35,840
a huge atmosphere and so much pressure

642
00:23:39,990 --> 00:23:37,840
that if you were to stand on the surface

643
00:23:41,830 --> 00:23:40,000
of venus you would literally be crushed

644
00:23:44,390 --> 00:23:41,840
and so we couldn't really inhabit that

645
00:23:46,789 --> 00:23:44,400
one but mars is basically kind of a

646
00:23:48,710 --> 00:23:46,799
miniature earth it doesn't have nearly

647
00:23:50,710 --> 00:23:48,720
the atmosphere it's very small

648
00:23:51,990 --> 00:23:50,720
atmosphere compared to us and it doesn't

649
00:23:54,070 --> 00:23:52,000
quite offer the same radiation

650
00:23:56,149 --> 00:23:54,080
protection but it's close enough and

651
00:23:58,149 --> 00:23:56,159
like us enough that we could that would

652
00:24:00,470 --> 00:23:58,159
be our best candidate to

653
00:24:01,909 --> 00:24:00,480
go and inhabit

654
00:24:03,990 --> 00:24:01,919
but really good question i think that's

655
00:24:05,830 --> 00:24:04,000
all the time that we have for today but

656
00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:05,840
i really want to thank you guys for some

657
00:24:09,590 --> 00:24:08,400
pretty awesome questions today i hope

658
00:24:11,269 --> 00:24:09,600
you enjoyed your time here in mission

659
00:24:12,630 --> 00:24:11,279
control with us and

660
00:24:14,390 --> 00:24:12,640
maybe we'll hear from you guys again

661
00:24:16,870 --> 00:24:14,400
soon

662
00:24:22,149 --> 00:24:16,880
thank you so much we appreciate your